Marking and Assessment

Question: Spread the task necessity and utilize the reference section gave inside the task paper to do likewise. Section A: Mitigating CircumstancesIf there are any extraordinary conditions that may have influenced your capacity to embrace or present this task, reach the Advice Center on your grounds preceding your accommodation deadline.Fit to sit strategy: The University works a fit to sit strategy whereby you, in submitting or introducing yourself for an appraisal, are proclaiming that you are fit to sit the evaluation. You can't thusly guarantee that your presentation in this appraisal was influenced by mitigating factors. Literary theft and Unfair Practice Declaration: By presenting this appraisal, you announce that it is your own work and that the wellsprings of data and material you have utilized (counting the web) have been completely recognized and appropriately recognized as required . Also, the work introduced has not been submitted for some other appraisal. You likewise comprehend that the Faculty claims all authority to explore charges of copyright infringement or out of line practice which, whenever demonstrated, could bring about a bomb in this evaluation and may influence your progress.You are required to recognize that you have perused the above articulations by composing your understudy number (s) in the container: Part B: Marking and Assessment The organization ought to be a counterfeit organization from one of the accompanying parts:- Oil or concoction creation Construction ManufacturingFor those lacking modern experience, youtube gives various production line visit type recordings that give an outline of the gear and procedures utilized that could frame the premise of your false organization. Errand 1: Literature Review and Research: I. Audit your picked contextual analysis organization, regarding the subtleties of the organization prepared, their exercises corresponding to HS and their present Health and Safety Policy Statement/Management Systemii. Survey the prerequisites of OHSAS 18001 and related enactment which influences your picked companyiii. Audit potential strategies for undertaking Initial Status Reviews Assignment 2: Using a method of your decision embrace an Initial Status Assignment 3: Evaluate the current organization Health and Safety Policy Statement, making and talking about proposals for change. Assignment 4: Based on your ISR results, diagram an undertaking plan for the organization to deliver affirmation to OHSAS1 18001.Task 5: Critically reflect and assess the utilization of introductory status surveys, inside the structure of building up a wellbeing and security the board framework. Undertaking 6: Produce an itemized report covering the abovementioned. Answer Presentation Koza (2012) remarked on the way that the wellbeing and security approaches inside an association are basic to guarantee the wellbeing of the representatives. It is seen statically that the better will be these approaches, the more the workers will be protected in the association. Inside the assembling association wellbeing and security measures are fundamental at each progression to guarantee whether all the apparatuses are functioning admirably and the workers are keeping up cleanliness factors inside it (Simons, Leroy and Savage, 2011). As per the assessment of Kuo (2013) the wellbeing and security measures gives data, preparing and guidance to the representatives in regards to doing assignments without confronting any peril. It very well may be said that the word related wellbeing and security measures are taken to keep the representatives from confronting modern dangers. Writing Review and Research a) Health and Safety Statement and the executives arrangement of Occupants Manufacturing As indicated by the assessment of Landesman (2012) Occupants Manufacturing is absolutely a moral based organization that manages the assembling of prepares that is utilized by the few development organizations. The administration arrangement of Occupants Manufacturing is sufficiently severe and it adheres to the modern wellbeing and security proclamations to the greatest degree (Gordon, Mendenhall and O'Connor, 2013). The objectives of this association are to furnish the laborers with a protected situation just as in giving individual supplies that will help in shielding the workers to the most extreme degree. Perry (2013) remarked on the fundamental actuality that legitimate trainings are additionally given to the workers to ensure their own protected watchmen. The current wellbeing estimations consider a legitimate dressing while at the same time producing the steel. As referenced by Rainer (2013) security goggles, flame resistant dresses alongside gloves and ear plugs are should be given to the representatives so as to defend them from mechanical mishaps. In addition, the apparatuses are oiled and every now and again checked with respect to their activities and furthermore are kept up an ideal opportunity to time. Moreover, Reveley (2011) likewise remarked that before offering work to the laborers, at first the businesses needed to experience clinical tests for visual weakness, asthma, hear ailments and so on that are related with assembling area. This is on the grounds that; these sicknesses if present can't be representatives in the assembling part as it will disregard the Health and Safety measures. Simons, Leroy and Savage (2011) likewise remarked that inside the association, differing society wins, so it is the obligation of the supervisory crew to stayed conformed to the standards and guidelines of the association. Intermittent surveys of the working society of the association are additionally done to guarantee the security inside the work environment. b) Requirements of OHSAS 18001 alongside related enactment Badri, Gbodossou and Nadeau (2012) assumed that so as to build up the OHSAS 18001 and related enactment inside the organization different necessities required. Following table shows the key necessities for building up an OHSAS 18001and related enactment for the Occupants Manufacturing Necessities Portrayal General Requirements For building up the OHSAS 18001 need to build up the word related wellbeing and security the executives framework. Aside from that, the administration of the Occupants Manufacturing needs to execute the word related wellbeing and security the executives framework (Gordon, Mendenhall and O'Connor, 2013). In addition, the organization needs to keep up the word related wellbeing and security the executives framework and furthermore improve the word related wellbeing and security the board framework (Chalupka, 2012). Strategy Requirements For building up the OHSAS 18001 inside the business procedure of Occupants Manufacturing, association needs to characterize the wellbeing and security strategy with appropriate documentation and actualize the whole approach inside their hierarchical procedure (Devkota and Buerck, 2012). Arranging Requirements For arranging of the operational procedure, association need to distinguish the OHSAS 18001 dangers just as survey the hazard. Aside from that, need to build up the method of analyzing and surveying the hazard (Donnelly, 2012). In addition, Occupants Manufacturing need to build up the procedure just as strategy for recognizing the legitimate and non-lawful necessities of OHSAS 18001for the utilization of operational procedure (Simons, Leroy and Savage, 2011). Usage Requirement For usage, need to approach to the top administration for fitting OHSAS 18001 and its related lawful prerequisite (Fisenne, 2012). Checking Requirements Observing and controlling is the key parts of satisfying standards of operational procedure for any association. In this way, Occupants Manufacturing needs to build up the checking method just as estimation alternatives (Friedman, Savage and Goes, 2012). Audit Requirements So as to execute the OHSAS 18001, need to survey through looking at the information sources and yields (Gordon, Mendenhall and O'Connor, 2013). c) Possible techniques for undertaking Initial Status Review (ISR) Gordon, Mendenhall and O'Connor (2013) contended that underlying status audit is the first and most significant stage for the board framework. Through the underlying status survey, the executives of the Occupants Manufacturing can comprehend the whole activity as far as impacting the choice degree (Simons, Leroy and Savage, 2011). It is additionally serve the assembling standard for the word related administration execution inside the business procedure of Occupants Manufacturing In request to embrace the Initial Status Review (ISR) strategy of wellbeing and security execution is required off all the members (Hall, 2012). Aside from that, the benchmark of the engineering viewing future execution just as norms additionally must be estimated by the accompanying (Kotlas, 2011). The specialist of the inhabitants organization needs to utilize the ADAS model and mean to assess the general effects. Wellbeing Policy is a fitting technique for undertaking the Initial Status Review that expresses the terms of the executives way to deal with security and wellbeing. Need to keep up the system for conveying and executing at all the levels for association (Gordon, Mendenhall and O'Connor, 2013). Techniques: During the ordinary work at Occupants Manufacturing, the association is continually attempting to decrease mishaps just as dangers in the work environment. Under such conditions, upgrade of security and wellbeing components notwithstanding the executives framework is a basic perspective (Sullivan, 2012). Be that as it may, it is fundamental to be familiar with what the primer wellbeing and wellbeing status of the association is before going for OHSA1 18001. In this area of the examination, the wellbeing and wellbeing exercises of Occupants Manufacturing is surveyed with thinking about a few parts of security just as wellbeing (Simons, Leroy and Savage, 2011). The audit is done through squeezing the check mark for all the inquiries under 16 different angles. For every one of these inquiries, there are three choices, for example, Yes, No and Partly. Answer to each address as 'Yes' is relegated to 1 imprint. Additionally, 1/2 point will be appointed for 'Halfway' and 0 poi

Genetically Modified Organisms: Our Only Hope to Feed Seven Billion Peo

Present day Agriculture Cultivating experienced little change from the finish of the medieval age until the center of the twenty-first century. (Bread cook, 2014) When the tractor turned into the normal ranch apparatus and supplanted the pony, crop yields stayed a lot of the equivalent. (Pastry specialist, 2014) From 1866 until 1938, corn yields in the United States were accounted for at 30 bushels a section of land. This, when contrasted with medieval yields, isn't a lot higher than a decent developing year in medieval occasions. (Pastry specialist, 2014) Innovation was definitely slowed down constantly World War and the Korean clash. Be that as it may, by 1951, crop yield started to consistently increment as new advances like manure and half and half corn breeds turned out to be all the more promptly accessible in the United States.(Baker, 2014) After the presentation of these developments, corn yields in the United States, from 1952-present, indicated an expanded yield of 2 bushels a section of land for every year. (Dough puncher, 2014) This basic increment, of corn, yet other grain sources has prompted a colossal increment in the number of inhabitants on the planet. The populace has expanded more quickly over the most recent 200 years than some other time ever. This may appear to be a generally brief timeframe, yet when contrasted with the historical backdrop of agribusiness this is an exceptionally brief timeframe period. Consider that it took more than 1000 years for the world to arrive at a populace of 1 billion and just 207 years to arrive at 7 billion. This is an exponential blast in the populace. Since the beginning, horticulture, through a few upheavals, has made it conceivable to support the total populace. Through developments, for example, the furrow, crop turn, and manure, yields have developed and bolstered the populace. However, by what means will present day horticulture bolster a populace of 7 billion individuals? There is n... ... Biosafety? Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 9.2 (2002): 461-500. Web. 1 Mar. 2014. Levetin, Estelle, and Karen McMahon. Section 11: Origins of Agriculture. Plants and Society. The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008. 177-186. Web. 3 Mar. 2014. Paarlberg, Robert. GMO Foods and Crops: Africas Choice. New Biotechnology 27.5 (2010): 609-613. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. Supplicate, Carl, Latha Nagrajan, Luping Li, Jikun D. Huag, Ruifa Hu, K.N Selvaraj, Ora Napasintuwong, and Chandra Babu. Potential Impact of Biotechnology on Adaption of Agriculture to Climate Change: the Case of Drought Tolerant Rice Breeding in Asia. Sustainability 3(2011): 1723-1741. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. Xia, Lanqin, Youzhi Ma, Yi He, and Huw D. Jones. GM Wheat Development in China: Current Status and Challenges to Commercialization. Journal of Experimental Botany 63.5 (2012): 1785-1790. Web. 17 Feb. 2014.

Is Your Anxiety Caused by Panic Disorder

Is Your Anxiety Caused by Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Symptoms Print Is Your Anxiety Caused by Panic Disorder? By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Updated on August 10, 2019 SensorSpot / Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Related Conditions Most people feel a certain amount of stress and anxiety in their lives. This isn’t necessarily a bad thing. In many situations, feeling a certain level of stress and anxiety can actually help boost your performance in specific contexts. For example, a person may experience a level of anxiety the days leading up to a public speech, marriage, or another big life event. In many situations, a bit of stress and worry can be expected and is considered a perfectly normal reaction. When faced with an upcoming project at work, an important event, or even a blind date, most people will encounter a fleeting sense of nervousness and extra tension. However, persistent and strong feelings of nervousness and anxiety may be a much bigger concern. Anxiety and panicky feelings that linger long after a stressor has passed, or which occur without any clear reason, may indicate that you are struggling with an anxiety disorder. Panic Disorder Feeling panicky doesn’t necessarily mean that you have panic disorder. Feelings of panic and anxiety can vary from person to person. In order for these signs to be considered panic attacks, you must experience at least four of the following physical, mental and emotional symptoms: Numbness or tingling sensationsAccelerated heart rateTrembling and shakingChest painExcessive sweatingShortness of breathNausea or abdominal painFeeling dizzy, lightheaded, unsteady or faintDepersonalization and derealizationFear of losing controlChills or hot flushesFear of dying Panic attacks are the main feature of panic disorder. Attacks associated with this condition occur suddenly without any warning or trigger. They arise seemingly from nowhere, typically reaching a peak in the first 10 minutes and then gradually subsiding. Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD is marked by unrelenting anxiety that occurs for no known reason. Symptoms of worry and nervousness persist for six months or longer. Feelings of fatigue and irritability, difficulty concentrating, and sleep problems are all common problems for people living with GAD. Specific Phobias Phobias involve a fear of a certain object, place or situation. The feelings of fear the person experiences is excessiveâ€"beyond how most people would react and greater than any actual threat of harm. Many specific phobias have their own names. For example, the fear of flying is known as aerophobia and the fear of spiders is called arachnophobia. When faced with his phobia, a person may recognize that his fear is irrational. However, he will still display extreme reactions and can even potentially have a panic attack. Social Anxiety Disorder SAD involves a fear of being judged by others in social situations. In particular, the person believes he is being negatively evaluated by others. Thinking about being perceived poorly by others only makes the person exhibit more uncomfortable behaviors, such as trembling, sweating, shaking, or blushing. People with SAD often stay away from social events or any situations in which the person may be exposed to the scrutiny of others. Agoraphobia Often occurring with panic disorder, agoraphobia entails a fear of having a panic attack in places or situations that the person may find socially embarrassing or challenging to escape from. To save face or to feel more secure, many agoraphobics exhibit avoidance behaviors. Common avoidances include crowded areas, open spaces, and vehicles of transportation. In some extreme cases, the person is so fearful that she becomes homebound with agoraphobia. Discovering Your Diagnosis Seek professional help if you experience ongoing feelings of stress, worry, fear, or anxiety. Only a doctor or qualified mental health specialist can determine an accurate diagnosis. Once diagnosed, your clinician will review your treatment options. Panic Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Common treatments for anxiety disorders include prescribed medication, psychotherapy  and self-help strategies. Treatment options and results can vary depending on your symptoms, resources, and level of commitment. Through continued treatment and follow-up, people with anxiety disorders can expect to improve their control over their symptoms.

The Naturalists Of American Literature - 1087 Words

Jordan Wilson Cole Tracee Howell American Literature 4/9/2015 The Naturalists of American Literature Henry David Thoreau tests the ideas of Ralph Waldo Emerson by living at a place known as Walden Pond. Here at Walden Pond, Thoreau discovers that in a physical aspect, nature brings a deepness into our minds and into our souls. One’s imagination is uplifted, and this changes a person’s entire perspective of life. Both Thoreau and Emerson believed that nature forces people to not have to depend on others ideas. People are able to develop their own ideas in a more simplistic way. Nature’s ever-changing way continues the search for new explanations of human life. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are considered to be two of the†¦show more content†¦Here Emerson explains how people take from what their ancestors and others before them have said and do not think twice about trying new things for themselves. Emerson decides not to conform to the modern way of society, but instead to be an individual and find things out for himself. Thoreau takes this idea of life and puts it to test at Walden Pond where he lives alone almost completely off of the land. Thoreau had almost no resources from the civilized world and hardly ever communicated with anyone but nature itself. Thoreau’s idea at Walden Pond was for him to become more in tune with the natural world and to be able to create the literature that is known in the world today. In Emerson’s work â€Å"Nature,† Emerson believes that by being in a simple environment, a person is able to see things more in depth and in a more complex way. Emerson states,  "Standing on the bare ground- my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into space- all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the universal being circulate through me; I am part or particle of god† (1827-1828). Emerson’s thoughts are deeper, and his mind is open to any ideas that nature may bring his way. When simplicity of character and the sovereignty of ideas is broken up by the prevalence of secondary desires, the desires of riches, of pleasure, of power, and of praise,- and

The International Expansion Plan of the Avea in the Indian Market Free Essay Example, 2250 words

Technological aspects hold widespread implications on the business prospects of an organization. The nation has made enormous strides in the area of information technology and its universities churn out a large number of talented individuals every year that makes it among the most favoured destinations for investment. The major regulatory body for cosmetic industry in India is under the purview of the office of the drug control in India. The Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and the Drug and Cosmetic Rules control the regulatory market for drugs and cosmetics in the Indian market. Necessary approval from local and state authorities is also required for foreign players (Emmeplus, 2008, p. 2). A hundred per cent FDI is allowed for cosmetic products to be sold in India (IBEF-a, n.d. , p. 12) The cosmetic industry in India is divided into facial, lipstick and talcum power products. The makeup products occupy a mammoth share in the market. The makeup based products market is being slated to be valued at approximately Rs. 20 million by 2012 that shows formidable opportunities. The per capita usage of cosmetics for branded cosmetic products in India is about 0.68 dollars in a market that is dominated by Hindustan Unilever and L Oreal (Emmeplus, 2008, p. 2, 8). We will write a custom essay sample on The International Expansion Plan of the Avea in the Indian Market or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Research on Behaviorist versus Cognitive Theories of Learning Free Essays

What is larning? Are at that place different types of larning? What affects a pupils larning? Why do some learn otherwise than others? These are merely a few of the inquiries that pedagogues, parents, and pupils themselves have posed for centuries. It is without a uncertainty a really complicated subject. The writer of this paper attempts to relieve some of these inquiries by turn toing the differences between behavioural and societal acquisition theory along with the necessity of utilizing cognitive schemes to help in the acquisition procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Behaviorist versus Cognitive Theories of Learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Name of Theorist Name of Theory Main Concepts Research Conducted Ivan Pavlov Authoritative conditioning Impersonal stimulations + innate stimulations = a erudite conditioned response ( Slavin, 2009 ) How it may look in a schoolroom: pupils should be given many chances to get the hang a undertaking before traveling on to another undertaking. For illustration, if they are larning to multiply individual digit math jobs, a pupil must get the hang this before traveling on to generation of two-digit jobs. Research was conducted in 3 phases Phase one: An innate stimulation ( US ) ( nutrient ) solicited an innate response ( UR ) from the Canis familiaris ( salivation ) ( Slavin, 2009 ) . This phase farther showed that a impersonal stimulation ( NS ) ( bell ) would arouse no response from the Canis familiaris. ( Slavin, 2009 ) Phase 2: A learned stimulation ( CS ) ( bell ) was paired with the Canis familiaris nutrient ( US ) which caused the Canis familiariss to salivate ( UR ) ( Slavin, 2009 ) . Phase 3: The Canis familiaris was trained to salivate ( CR, conditioned response ) at the sound of a bell tintinnabulation ( CS ) ( Slavin, 2009 ) . E. L. Thorndike Law of Effectss Favorable effects to behavior elicit request of this behaviour ( Slavin, 2005 ) Unfavorable effects similarly will ensue in the behaviour less likely being repeated ( Slavin, 2005 ) How it may look in a schoolroom: instructors should utilize real-life experiences to learn and link constructs for pupils. For illustration, life accomplishments pupils will larn the importance of money buy really take parting in buying things from peddling machines and shops. This can besides use to science constructs. Students can break connect with it through experiential activities ( Slavin, 2005 ) . Cats were placed in mystifier boxes ; on accident the cats learned how to get away ( Slavin, 2005 ) . After repeatedly acquiring out they learned that if they went through the mystifier boxes, they gained freedom ( Slavin, 2005 ) . B. F. Skinner Operant Conditioning Support of behavior = frequent repeat of this behaviour ( Slavin, 2009 ) Unrewarded ( punished ) behaviour = lessening in repeat of the behaviour ( Slavin, 2009 ) . How it may look in a schoolroom: pupils that are on clip to category receive category vaulting horses ; belated pupils do non. I have found that those pupils that receive the category bucks that they can pass on things like free clip, prep buyouts, and public toilet base on ballss, strive to gain more vaulting horses. Skinner boxes used to develop animate beings. The boxes consisted of a saloon that the animate beings had to press to distribute nutrient ( Slavin, 2009 ) . What are the differences between the behavioural acquisition theory and that of the societal acquisition theory? Which theory offers the best penetration into how underdeveloped kids larn? To find replies to these inquiries, the factors of behavioural larning theories must be weighed against those of societal larning theories. Behavior acquisition theories are centered on the thought that larning takes topographic point because of legion chances to see a peculiar event. This event is believed to for good alter the said behaviour. Behavioral theories fall under one of two classs: classical or answering conditioning and operant conditioning. The classical/respondent conditioning theory, as demonstrated and made celebrated by Pavlov ‘s experiment, believes the behaviours that we exhibit are one ‘s that are learned by tie ining one thing to another ( Cherry, 2005b ) . This thought of automatic conditioning was happened upon by Pavlov as he studied Canis familiaris ‘s digestion ( Cherry, 2005b ) . . Within his survey of how much a Canis familiaris salivated at the sight of assorted things, nutrient and non-food points, Pavlov and his helper noted the sum of spit that was produced ( Cherry, 2005b ) . . In making so they found that Canis familiariss automatically or reflexively responded to the point placed in forepart of them, nutrient or non-food, after being presented with them intermediately for some clip ( Cherry, 2005b ) . This response he believed was based on conditioning or automaticity, which made it strictly physiological ( Cherry, 2005b ) . . His thought of conditioning was extended to human cond itioning by James B. Watson ( Cherry, 2005b ) . . Watson and his associate Rosalie Rayner wanted to prove the theory of classical conditioning on worlds in respects to phobias, to see if they would arouse similar consequences. Watson ‘s experiment was based on a small male child name Albert ( Beck, 2001 ) . When Watson and Rayner, foremost met Albert he was non afraid of a white rat, after a short clip with them he was afraid of mice and other furred points ( Beck, 2001 ) . The experiment introduced a loud noise that startled the immature male child as he played with the rat. This sound scared the immature male child so much that he started to shout and later exhibit fright when he saw a rat or anything furred. This proved for them that Pavlov ‘s thought that an innate stimulation would do an innate response and eventually that this innate response paired with a learned stimulation would arouse a learned response, or a automatic action ( Beck, 2001 ) . They believed this made the Pavlovian theory of conditioning plausibl e and accurate for worlds every bit good. The operant conditioning theory of B.F. Skinner focuses on larning based on the behaviour and the effects of the behaviour. Skinner ‘s beliefs were greatly influenced by E. L. Thorndike ‘s thought of Law of Effect. The Law of Effect, besides a conditioning theory, was based on the premiss that if an innate stimulation ‘s response is paired with a pleasant event than the response is stronger and more likely to be repeated. Likewise if the stimulation consequence is paired with a negative event, so the event is weaker and less likely to be repeated. Skinner found this a utile tool in understanding automatic behaviours that occurred and further strengthened his thought that behaviour was strengthened by a reinforcing stimulus or weakened by a punisher ( Cherry, 2005a ) . Reinforcing stimuluss are either positive or negative. Positive reinforcing stimuluss occur after said behaviour and are positive results for the behaviour ; whereas negative reinforcing stimuluss are negative results as the consequence of a behaviour ( Cherry, 2005a ) . Whether negative or positive the behaviour will increase. Punishers whether negative or positive will diminish a behaviour ( Cherry, 2005a ) . Positive punishers employ utilizing an unfavourable event to diminish behaviour ; negative punishers happens when the event is taken off in order to weaken the behaviour that has occurred ( Cherry, 2005a ) . Social larning theories contrary to behavioural theories focuses on larning that takes topographic point due to the observation and mold of behaviours, attitudes, and emotions exhibit by others around them. Albert Bandura, considered one of the governments within this theory, believed that behavioural acquisition could non explicate all the types of acquisition ( Cherry, 2005c ) .He said, â€Å" Learning would be extremely arduous, non to advert risky, if people had to trust entirely on the effects of their ain actions to inform them what to make ( Cherry, 2005c ) . † . He farther argued that larning had to hold some societal component to it to be successful. He stated that, â€Å" Fortunately, most human behaviour is learned observationally through mold: from detecting others one forms an thought of how new behaviours are performed, and subsequently occasions this coded information serves as a usher for action ( Cherry, 2005c ) . † The ideals of Bandura and other socie tal theoreticians are broken down into three basic constructs that explain the assorted types of behaviour: experimental acquisition, patterning procedure, and intrinsic support ( Cherry, 2005c ) . Observational acquisition provinces that larning takes topographic point through observation ( Cherry, 2005c ) .The writer ‘s three-year-old nephew learns much of his idiosyncrasy and behaviours by watching his household around the house and others at church. He has learned to work on a computing machine by watching her bash her work hebdomadally, to the point of copying precisely how she holds her custodies when typing and the tapping of her fingers at her desk when she is in deep concentration. This thought of experimental acquisition is so strong harmonizing to theoreticians that it can be achieved through unrecorded observation, verbally through direction, or symbolic ( displayed through another media ) means. Intrinsic Reinforcement goes against the ideal that behaviour is reinforced by extrinsic support merely ( Cherry, 2005c ) .Social theoreticians believed that a great trade of behaviour and acquisition will be based on intrinsic factors, which give the scholar a sense of pride and achievement. Bandura believes this is one of the most of import factors that separates the societal acquisition theory from behavioural theories and makes it more of a cognitive societal attack ( Cherry, 2005c ) . The Modeling Process hinges on the individual that is making the mold of a said behaviour and the perceiver and must follow certain stairss. First, in order for a individual to larn they must pay attending to the theoretical account otherwise there will be negative branchings. Therefore the mold must be memorable and keep the attending of the perceiver. Following, the perceiver must hold the ability to retain the information that is observed. Third, one must be able to draw the information from their memory in order to pattern the accomplishment further. Last, the scholar must be motivated plenty to utilize the behaviour they saw modeled ( Cherry, 2005c ) .This measure theoretical accounts show some similarities to behavior thoeries in that the usage of reinforcing stimuluss and punishers are cruicial to actuating the scholar. For illustration, if a pupils observes another pupil having category vaulting horses for engagement they are more likely to take part every bit good ( Cherry, 2005c ) . Social theories and behavioural theories are similar yet different. Both of the theories believe that larning and behaviour are connected yet each feel otherwise about whether the acquisition that each elicit is lasting. Social theories disagree that all larning leads to a alteration in behaviour, in fact they believe that new things can be learned without organizing new behaviours ( Cherry, 2005c ) . Before During After Picture walks – Students are guided by their instructors through a digest of images that illustrate the narrative line. This allows them to link to the text as they read. Predicting Students predict what they believe will go on in the narrative and read to prove the factuality of the anticipation ( Harvey A ; Goudvis, 2000 ) . Synthesize Students take the new information that they have learned and unite it with their anterior cognition to come up with a new thought or new believing about the topic ( Harvey A ; Goudvis, 2000 ) . KWL charts It allows they information to be organized earlier, during, and after reading Making Inferences Students are able to utilize their anterior cognition to believe outside the box and draw decisions about the text for deeper significance ( Harvey A ; Goudvis, 2000 ) . Making Connections Students draw upon their ain scheme to understand the text they are reading ( Harvey A ; Goudvis, 2000 ) . Text-to-self allows the reader to link to their ain lives and experiences to pull significance Text-to-text allows the reader to name upon their cognition from other text to demo apprehension of content Text-to-world allows the reader to do a connexion with more planetary and bigger issues within the text and the existent universe Overviewing This scheme allows pupils to plane or scan the text when they are looking for specific information and are unsure if the text contains it ( Harvey, 1998 ) . Imaging Allows pupils to better understand the text or job solve by organizing a image in their heads. Students are able to understand more of the text as they go along with the support of their instructor ( Chamot A ; O’Malley, 1994 ) . Alternate stoping Students prove that they have comprehended the assorted parts of the narrative by composing an surrogate stoping which fits in with the remainder of the narrative nicely ( Harvey A ; Goudvis, 2000 ) . Brainstorming This scheme is a relevantly merely one in that it allows pupils to compose down, name out or categorise the things that they know about a peculiar construct or thought. The procedure allows all pupils of all degrees procedure clip to develop these thoughts. Questioning Readers are able to travel through the text and interact with it more as they search for replies to their inquiries ( Harvey A ; Goudvis, 2000 ) . Allows pupils to supervise their comprehension and concept significance ( Harvey A ; Goudvis, 2000 ) . Sum uping Learning is a complex procedure by that requires much of the scholar. All of the scholars ‘ behaviours, attitudes, cognition and gained information factor into whether true acquisition has taken topographic point. The survey of knowledge purposes to assist us understand how learning takes topographic point and the assorted procedures that we go through to accomplish it. Students may non understand the how and why of knowledge, so it is the instructor ‘s occupation to learn them schemes to do certain that they have good cognitive accomplishments or accomplishments for believing about larning. The chart above has outlined the assorted schemes that pupils can utilize before, during, and after reading to beef up comprehension, but how does this cognitive schemes in general aid pupils larn? In order for schemes to work for pupils they must be cognizant of why they need to believe about the thought that takes topographic point as they learn ( as cited in Purdue, n.d. , ch.7 ) . Simply put, it is the manner that they can take ownership of their ain acquisition and it is what makes them good and great scholars. Garner farther establishes that puting intents for acquisition, work outing jobs, self-acting, monitoring, and self-assessment of their acquisition are all ways in which pupils can demo that they have good cognitive accomplishments ( as cited in Purdue, n.d. , ch.7 ) .. The above schemes are merely some of the ways that Garner says that pupils are able to form, survey, reappraisal, pattern, and eventually master assorted accomplishments ( as cited in Purdue, n.d. , ch.7 ) . Teachers must demo them how to utilize these schemes to their advantage to larn. There are some things that pedagogues can make to assist them pupils develop these cognitive accomplishments, ther efore assisting them go independent minds and scholars. Garner believes that the first thing that they can make is to learn pupils to supervise their thought efficaciously ( as cited in Purdue, n.d. , ch.7 ) . This can be done through demoing them how to analyse the procedure of believing as they work. They teach them to inquiries themselves on ways that they can better upon their thought as they try to carry through their end or whether or non they need help to carry through these ends. Harmonizing to Garner, pupils must cognize when they are larning and when they are non larning ( as cited in Purdue, n.d. ) . Furthermore, Garner says that when they realize that they are non larning they should be able to take another cognitive scheme to assist them accomplish their end ( as cited in Purdue, n.d. , ch.7 ) . Second, Garner believes pupils need to be taught to utilize more sophisticated schemes to demo that they are believing ( as cited in Purdue, n.d. , ch.7 ) . Teachers should non accept the merely reciting of the text, they should necessitate that pupil synthesise the information and are able to offer legitimate sum-ups of the stuff ( Purdue, n.d. ) . Third, instructors must learn pupils the appropriate schemes to utilize with the assorted texts and content ( Purdue, n.d. ) . This is pertinent since it sets the phase for pupil acquisition. Think of it like constructing a house, if there is no foundation the house will non stand ; with a solid foundation the house could fire done, but the base from which to get down over is still at that place. Students might necessitate to reassess the schemes that they choose, but they can get down over if they have the foundational cognition of the schemes ( Purdue, n.d. ) . Fourthly, pupils must be taught to put personal ends for their acquisition. When pupils set their ain ends they are more likely to transport through with the schemes to see the success with them. Borkowski, Carr, and Pressley say â€Å" pupils with low self-prides who attribute success and failure to something other than attempt are improbable to originate or prevail in the usage of cognitive schemes † ( cited in Purdue, n.d. , ch.7 ) . If they do so, they fall into non utilizing their metacognitive accomplishments to grok the constructs ( Purdue, n.d. ) . Last, when instructors model for pupils how to utilize cognitive schemes they are assisting them develop higher order believing accomplishments. When they are taught to prosecute in higher order thought, they are taught how to place how they learn, think about textual jobs as they learn about them, figure out how to work out them, and eventually synthesise all the information at the terminal of the text. How to cite Research on Behaviorist versus Cognitive Theories of Learning, Essay examples

Company Law Essay Example For Students

Company Law Essay CHILOMBA v THE PEOPLE (1974) Z. R. 151 (S. C. ) SUPREME COURT DOYLE, C. J. , BARON, D. C. J. , AND HUGHES, J. S. 9TH JULY, 1974 S. C. Z. JUDGMENT NO. 26 OF 1974. Flynote Criminal Law Attempting to cause death contrary to s. 215 of the Penal Code No unequivocal finding of actual intention to kill Whether conviction possible. Criminal Procedure Minor offence -Section 181 of the Criminal Procedure Code- Whether s. 224 of the Penal Code minor offence in relation to s. 215 of the Penal Code. Headnote The appellant was convicted of attempting to cause death contrary to s. 15 of the Penal Code. The learned judge held that following some kind of difference the appellant had armed himself with three spears and attacked the complainant. The only question that arose for decision in this appeal was whether the appellant was correctly convicted of attempting to cause the death of the complainant or whether he should have been convicted of a lesser offence, namely an offence under s. 224 of th e Penal Code. Held: (i)As there was no unequivocal finding by the trial judge that there was an actual intention to kill the conviction for attempting to cause death contrary to s. 15 of the Penal Code cannot stand . (ii)Although s. 224 of the Penal Code is to some extents a less serious offence than an offence under s. 215 of the Penal Code, it is not a minor offence within the meaning of s. 181 of the Criminal Procedure Code because offences under the two sections are both felonies and carry the same maximum sentence. Cases referred to: (1)Yanyongo v The People 1974 Z. R. 149. (2)Charles Phiri v The People 1973 Z. R. 168. Legislation referred to: Penal Code, Cap. 146, ss. 215, 224 and 229. Criminal Procedure Code, Cap. 160, s. 181. For the appellant:M. S. Kapumpa, Legal Aid Counsel. For the respondent:P. Lisulo, State Advocate. ______________________________________ Judgment BARON, D. C. J. : delivered the judgement of the court. The appellant was convicted of attempting to cause death contrary to section 215 of the Penal Code. It is unnecessary to deal in any detail with the facts. The learned judge held, and on the evidence before him he was fully entitled to do so, that the appellant was not speaking the truth when he alleged that, it was the complainant who had attacked him, the appellant. ith three spears. He held that following some kind of difference the appellant had armed himself with three spears and attacked the complainant. The only question in this case is whether the appellant was correctly convicted of attempting to cause the death of the complainant or whether he should have been convicted of a lesser offence, namely an offence under Section 224 of the Penal Code. The learned judge having review ed the evidence and having also considered the law on the subject said: A charge of attempted murder under paragraph (a) of section 215 of the Penal Code may be proved by showing either: (a) an intention to kill; or (b) knowledge on the part of the accused that what he was doing was imminently dangerous, that it must in all probability cause death, or such bodily injury as was likely to cause death. We have been unable to find any foundation for the second part of this dictum; it is not taken from section 215 of the Penal Code, nor can we find it in any of the cases to which the learned Judge himself referred in the course of his judgement. .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372 , .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372 .postImageUrl , .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372 , .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372:hover , .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372:visited , .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372:active { border:0!important; } .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372:active , .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372 .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc596fc8e9ee3b1da82d4ca563bea3372:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Roman Fever EssayThe law is in fact correctly set out in those cases and has been followed in a recent judgement of this court, Yanyongo v The People . In that we reaffirmed that on a charge of attempting unlawfully to cause the death of another there can be no question of constructive malice; it is necessary that there be an actual intention to kill. We are bound to hold therefore that the learned judge misdirected himself in stating the law as he did. Where he came to make his findings of fact the learned judge said this: In the circumstances of the case, the only inference reasonably ossible is that the accuseds intention was to kill Robinson Shichimbwele, or alternativ ely, that there was knowledge on his part that what he was doing was so imminently dangerous that it must, in all probability, cause death, or such bodily injury as was likely to cause death. Putting the matter in the alternative in this way leaves us in the position that we cannot hold that the learned judge has found an intention to kill. For this reason the conviction for attempting to cause death contrary to section 215 cannot stand. However, the evidence is overwhelming that the appellant was guilty of an offence under section 224 which reads: 224 Any person who, with intent to maim, disfigure or disable any person . . . (a)unlawfully wounds or does any grievous harm to any person by any means whatever; . . . is guilty of a felony . . . We are quite satisfied that the appellant intended to do grievous harm to the complainant and in fact did such harm. The conviction under section 215 will be set aside and there will be substituted a conviction for an offence contrary to section 224 of the Penal Code. On the question of sentence, it can hardly be said that the offence of which the appellant has now been convicted is very much less serious than the offence with which he was originally charged. The facts of the case certainly disclose a serious offence. However, an offence under session 224 must be regarded to some extent as a less serious offence, and in all the circumstances the sentence of six years imprisonment with hard labour will be set aside and a sentence of five years imprisonment with hard labour substituted; that sentence equally will take effect from 5th January, 1973. Postea Immediately after we rose this morning we realised that the maximum sentences under section 215 and 224 are the same. Although therefore, as we said in the judgement we delivered this morning, to some extent an offence under section 224 is a less serious offence, it is not a minor offence within the meaning of section 181 of the Criminal Procedure Code, because offences under the two sections are both felonies and both carry the same maximum sentence. We must therefore hold that the case of Yanyongo to which we referred this morning was wrongly decided on this point, and for this reason we have hastened to correct the judgement given today, in which we again inadvertently overlooked that the maximum penalty under section 224 was the same as under section 215. Generally, on the question of a conviction for a minor offence under section 181 of the Criminal Procedure Code we refer to Charles Phiri v The people . The order of the court will be that the conviction of attempting to cause death contrary to section 215 of the Penal Code will be set aside and a conviction under section 229 of the Penal Code of unlawfully doing grievous harm will be substituted. This offence is a felony and the maximum sentence is imprisonment for seven years and is therefore a minor offence for the purposes of section 181 of the Criminal Procedure Code. .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3 , .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3 .postImageUrl , .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3 , .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3:hover , .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3:visited , .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3:active { border:0!important; } .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3:active , .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3 .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubd0878a7a2b39881936d41f05ba9acf3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hook For Atomic Bomb EssayWe set aside also the sentence and we substitute a sentence of three years imprisonment with hard labour. This sentence will take effect from 5th January, 1973. Conviction of attempting to cause death and sentence set aside. Conviction under section 229 of the Penal Code and sentence of three years imprisonment with hard labour substituted. _________________________________________

Wisdom Vs. Vanity In John Miltons Paradise Lost Essays -

Wisdom Vs. Vanity In John Milton's Paradise Lost In the seventeeth century, women were not permitted to embrace in the power of knowledge. John Milton portrays the only female character in his epic poem, Paradise Lost, as a subservient creature caught in a seemingly misogynistic society. Milton states Eves location in the great chain of authority of his time quite clearly with her inferiority to man repeated frequently throughout the epic, especially amplified in Book IV and Book IX. Milton uses the character of Eve to represent the ills that can befall mankind after she (the woman) breaks the chain of authority in which she was placed. A twenty-first century reader might perceive Miltons theodicy on a womans place in society to be inhumane as well as appalling, however, during his time women were accepted by society and themselves as subordinate on the chain of hierarchy. They were to be treated properly by their man but were to walk two steps behind their superior male counterpart at all times. Even though Miltons blatant descrip tion of Eves role in the created world is unequal, the twenty-first century reader accepts this concept and enjoys the passionate power that the character has over the reasonable male authority figure. In the traditional epic structure and in Book I of Paradise Lost, the reader is immediately introduced to the main action of the story being told, the narration opens with the middle of the story (media res) and uses flashbacks to develop the plot. Of mans first disobedienceWho first seduced them to that foul revolt?the infernal serpent; he it was, whose guile stirred up with envy and revenge, deceived the mother of mankind(PL: BK 1, L 1-36). It is stated quite clearly in these lines that Eve initiated the fall of man by giving in to the temptation posed to her by Satan. Knowing this from the absolute beginning of the narrative, it is clear that the woman unreasonably steps out of her position in Eden and is overcome by evil. In Book IV of Paradise Lost, Milton expresses Eves perception of herself when she sees her image as well as the readers insight to Eves role through Satans initial description of her. At the beginning of this narration Adam and Eve are identified, very briefly, as alike, Two of far nobler shape erect and tall, Godlike erect, with native honour clad in naked majesty seemed lords of all(PL: BK IV, L287-290). This narration then immediately turns to a characterization of Eve as the secondary being, Whence true authority in men; though both not equal, as their sex not equal seemedHe for God only, she for God in him (PL: BK IV, L295-300). Here, then, is a grand example of Eves submission to her absolute ruler (PL: BK IV, L300) who is man and her place in the natural order of creation is beneath him. Milton immodestly states in these lines that the male authority figure in this story is the most divine of all created beings and the female is only there to enhance his being. They are both m ade in the likeness of God, but Eve is divine-like only through Adam. Milton, in Paradise Lost, as in all epic structures, uses many classical allusions to help the reader gain insight to a womans standpoint through the power of poetry. To enforce Eves position and to introduce Eves flaw, Milton alludes to Ovids character, Narcissis. Narcissis vainly yearns for his own image reflected in a pool. In Book IV, Eves vanity is explained, A shape within the watery gleam appeared bending to look on mepleased it returned as soon with answering looks of sympathy and love; there I had fixed mine eyes till now, and pined with vain desire (PL: BK IV, L460-466). The importance of this parallel is the forefront of Eves weakness to be overcome in Book IX. In addition to exclaiming vanity as the root of all evil, Milton stimulates a sense of corruption in Eve with this comparison. Likewise, Satan is able to captivate Eves imagination while she sleeps, him there they found squat like a toad, close at the ear of Eve; assaying by his devilish art to reach the organs of h er

Sophies World essays

Sophies World essays REMARKABLE... a whimsical and ingenious mystery novel that also happens to be the history of Philosophy. Jostein Gaarder made his Norwegian literary debut in 1986 with a collection of short stories, followed by two young adult novels. In 1990 he received the Norwegian Literary Critics Award and the Ministry of Cultural and Scientific affairs Literary Prize for his book The Solitaire Mystery. Mr. Gaarder taught high school philosophy for eleven years in Norway, giving him a strong basis for writing Sophies World, his first book to be published in English. After its three-year spot at number one on Norways bestseller list, it has held the same status in Great Britain, Germany, and France also appearing on bestseller lists in Italy, Spain, Canada, Denmark, Sweden, and the United States. In Sophies World, Jostein Gaarder twines the history of philosophy with the supernatural antics of Alice in Wonderland. The main character is a girl named Sophie Admunsen, the novels namesake. Sophie is fourteen years old, and lives in Norway with her mother and all of the animals in her Garden. She is soon joined by the mysterious Alberto Knox, first through correspondence, and then linked by a full-scale philosophy course he has chosen her for. He seems to have lived forever, with the ability to bring magic and supernatural lessons into her life. Alberto is old, kind, extremely wise, and cloaked in mystery for much of the novel. It is difficult to explain the relationship between all of the main characters outside of explaining the plot. Sophie and Alberto are the initial main characters. Sophie comes home from school to find a white envelope addressed to her. Who are you? Where does the world come from? This begins her thinking about the major questions of existence, and then the philosophy course began. Alberto is not physically revealed until late in the first quarter of the novel. Throu...

Forced Drug Testing of Defendants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Forced Drug Testing of Defendants - Essay Example The rationale argued Clinton for desiring the drug testing program was that "too often, the same criminal drug users cycle through the court, corrections, and probation systems still hooked on drugs and still committing crimes to support their habit." (Clinton, 1995) We should react, he argued, "at the earliest possible stage in a person's interaction with the criminal justice system-following arrest." (Clinton, 1995) At first blush this would seem to be a rather easy concept. It would seem that drug testing would be a harmless way to combat what all lawmakers would agree is wretched drug problem in the United States. However, there are issues that apply to the constitutional rights of any person. Why does a person who is only alleged to have committed a crime have to be forced into testing Does that person loose their privacy rights which are secured by the Fourth Amendment simply because they were arrested My opinion is that while pre-trial drug testing may secure the appearance of a defendant it does not mean that the defendant is not going to be prone to committing further crimes. It only means that the defendant will avoid going to jail. ... Pursuant to that program persons that were convicted of drug crimes were given a choice. They could either agree to enter impatient drug treatment which was supplemented by outpatient drug treatment, or be sentenced. Ultimately, it was demonstrated that those who had received the benefits of treatment were less likely to commit the same type of crimes. (William H. McGlothin et.al, 1977) Notably, these were programs and suggestions that were offered in lieu of being in jail rather than being used to secure appearances. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees that "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." B. C. v Plumas Unified School District (9th Cir. 9/20/99). One might argue that because a person is in police coustdy, that they have already lost that guarantee of security. However, where is the line drawn For example, if I am arrested for shoplifting, should a court be allowed to mandate that I submit to drug testing Of course, I don't have the right to claim privacy as to the shoplifting charge, but why should I be searched for drugs Does drug testing not constitute a search The notion that it holds any pretrial value is completely illusory. Suppose next that I have passed all drug testing. What would be the next threat Perhaps bail should be foregone because I have no drugs in my system. I am by no means advocating the use of drugs. Rather, I am advocating for my privacy and the right as it

Red Scare in US and Canada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Red Scare in US and Canada - Research Paper Example But upon comparing the American Red Scare to the Red Scare that occurred in its closest neighbouring country, Canada, one can see that America’s actions during the Cold War were perhaps more overt than any other country, but actually tended to be more representative of first world countries during the Cold War. The United States had a significantly more public Red Scare than did Canada. Canada did not suffer through the same sort of public trials in front of Congressional comities, like the US, nor were famous Canadian Film stars targeted and dragged in front of Cameras to answer questions.1 There was no public black list in Canada, unlike in the United States, where everyone knew what individuals were suspected of â€Å"un-American† activates (Whitaker, 18) Canada likewise faced fewer elements of propaganda asking them to fear for their surroundings and report any activities they felt suspicious of. While the United States played out the Red Scare on a grandiose stage in full public view, Canada's was held a secret affair largely ignored until one's personal life became directly affected by the witch hunt. This had both positive and negative implications for the Canadian population. The lack of publicity surrounding the Red Scare likely meant that the average Canadian was perhaps less fearful than his or her American counterpart, due to being less frequently bombarded with fearful rhetoric and not seeing as many people targeted by allegations. It also meant, however, that there was a noticeable lack of transparency in the Canadian Red Scare experience. One would often not know any avenues to appeal the negative treatment which he had been experiencing, and could not publicly defend himself. Furthermore, the lack of transparency meant that the general population could not weigh in on the proceedings; in the United States McCarthyism, due to its publicity, flared up but quickly died out, consumed by itself (Kimmel, 321). The Canadian Red Scare, how ever, was able to smoulder outside of the public eye, still affecting ordinary Canadians while not perceptible to the general public. Canada also lacked any sort of permanent safeguard to their citizens civil rights, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms still being four decades away, so it was easier for Canadian authorities to, for instance, hold people without charges in Canada than in the United States. A stealthier Red Scare certainly does not mean a less significant Red Scare, nor a 'better' one. While the way in which the Red Scare occurred in Canada was markedly different than in the United States, these differences were largely superficial. Canada's goals during the Red Scare, for instance, along with the reasons that Canadians felt threatened, were identical to those in the United States. In Canada, as in the United States, the principal concern was that Communisms and Communists in particular had already infiltrated society at great depth, and were engaging in Soviet espiona ge in an attempt to overthrow Western democracy (Spardellati, 496). Canadians perceived this both as a threat to their society, a moral degradation that could hurt both families and damage the foundation of society, and therefore an inherent risk to democracy, which was already perceived as being possibly by weak due to the outcome of German democracy before the second world war. Canadians thought communism was a direct

Job Satisfaction And Quality Of Work Life Psychology Essay

Job Satisfaction And Quality Of Work Life Psychology Essay Job satisfaction and quality of work life go hand in hand when talked about real satisfaction since one is the outcome of other .The present paper attempts to examine the impact of job satisfaction and its attribute on quality of work life of employees working in management colleges in Faridabad region The basic objective of the study was to determine the difference in job satisfaction based on gender and its relation with quality of wok life between male and female workers. Also attempt is made to measure the level of quality of work life among the employees. Also the paper focuses on role of different demographic variables on job satisfaction and quality of work life with respect to male and female employees. .Data was collected using questionnaire. Data was analyzed using tools like t-test, chi-square, ANOVA, and regression analysis to test the hypothesis and reliability of the collected data. From the findings it is clear that there exists a positive relationship between job sati sfaction and quality of work life. Also it is seen that as the feeling of quality of work life increases satisfaction from job also gets enhanced. The results indicate that academic industry which demands high quality people in term of intellect and knowledge and are considered to be the turners in economy of any country require a qualitative work life first in order to be satisfied and give their best. Thus focus on measures like job monotony, unclarity in goals, employee attrition, and role stress need to be properly handled. Key words- Job satisfaction, Job stress Quality of work life, Academics JEL Classification INTRODUCTION India has been witnessing an upsurge in the departure of technical expertise in virtually all sectors over the last five years (Stilwell, 2003). This has resulted in qualified personnel seeking greener pastures abroad. Movement of people from developing countries towards the developed world especially Europe and the Americas has been conspicuous. Anecdotes show that during the 1990s, total migration of professionals towards Western Europe and North America accounted for 30% of the flows registered throughout the world (ILO, 1996). It is estimated that in 2000 approximately 175 million people, or 2.9% of the worlds population, were living outside their country of birth, compared to 100 million, or 1.8% of the total population, in 1995 (Stilwell, 2003). Assistant Professor, Lingayas University, Department of Business Administration, Faridabad *Assistant Professor, Lingayas University Whilst a number of factors such as the inimical macro-economic environment could explain the loss of human resources in the country, job satisfaction and quality of work life is often identified as one of the factors that influence the decision to quit. Various studies (Onu et al., 2005; Sur et al., 2004; Tutuncu and Kozak, 2006; Knowles, 1978, Salmond, 2006; Wiedmar, 1998; DeVaney and Chen, 2003; Greenberg, 1986) have identified factors that influence job satisfaction and quality of work life. These include inter-personal relationships, conditions of service, type of social insurance possessed, supervision, promotion, job design, organizational environment, age, gender, equal treatment by management, income and attitude. Much of the discussion on job satisfaction and work quality has been done in the context of the developed countries with few studies in the developing countries. The broad objective of this study is to ascertain the association between job satisfaction and quality o f work life among academic professionals teaching in management colleges in Faridabad region. The job satisfaction of an employee is a topic that has received considerable attention by researchers and managers alike. The quality of work life is concerned with type of work environment and its resulting impact on overall effectiveness of organization and equally on individuals as employees. This includes all such dimensions and parameter which are having an impact on employees decision to remain in organization and level of performance. There are several measures and means by which organization attempts to augment their performance like participative leadership style, job autonomy, clarity in career graph, equity based decision, good physical conditions, merit based promotion etc. The present study attempts to find role of different job satisfaction attributes like- Stressful nature of work, unclarity in direction and overall satisfaction from job that also affects quality of work life with respect QWL factors like- Compensation structure, policies of organization, role of trade union, security benefits, facilities, growth opportunities, Work load ,reward structure, type of supervision ,participation, recognition and reward and whether is relevance of these factors in making employees satisfied, making work life more qualitative. REVIEW OF LITERATURE According to study conducted by DeVaney and Chen (2003) on impact of different demographic variables as leading factors of job satisfaction affecting employees and its impact on quality of work life. They found that with respect to demographic factors like age, gender and education job satisfaction and feeling towards quality of work life varied. The findings of their study inferred that with increase in age employees satisfaction towards job also increased and similar such result were seen with education where highly educated workforce felt more satisfied than less qualified employees. Male workers were found to be more satisfied than female workers. Thus it could be inferred from the study that demographic factors affect to large extent the job satisfaction leading to a highly satisfied quality of work life. It was also found that certain attributes related to work like relations with management, job security (permanent or contract jobs), higher pay, a sense of control over ones wo rk were identified as main attributes of quality of work life and made employees more productive and satisfied with their jobs when these attributes as a tool for improving quality of work life were worked upon. Bharati T; Nagarathnamma B; Viswanatha Reddy S(2008) studied the impact of selected variables causing job satisfaction like retention ,higher performance, support, team work and task characteristics on job satisfaction and resulting quality of work life on 266 Israeli prison guards. It was found that extra organizational factors, especially clarity in direction, low stress level, low burnout, clear communication, timely feedback, career advancement were found to be strong predictors of job satisfaction and led to strong satisfied feeling towards quality of work life. It could be inferred from this study that job satisfying factors largely affects feeling of quality of work life. Thus job satisfying factors should be properly worked upon so that a better quality of work life can be felt by employees. Tett, R. Meyer, J. (1993) in their study on impact of job satisfaction on quality of work life with reference to faculty members found that management style in form of leadership, 2-way feedback,informal climate setting, participation in organization decision making to large extent caused greater satisfaction towards job and employees perceived a better quality of work life when these attributes were worked upon by management to enhance quality of work life amongst employees. Management leadership was found to be major factor leading satisfaction towards job and improving quality of work life. Cooper and Marshal (1976) also in their study on impact of job satisfaction on quality of work life found that certain variables like work overload, role ambiguity, role conflict and poor working conditions associated with a particular job which reduces job satisfaction and affects low feeling towards quality of work life as well In their study majority of employees agreed that with less satisfying job, employees performance and initiative taking ability also reduces to a large extent. Thus management should focus on factors that lead to job satisfaction sine it also affects feeling towards quality of work life to large extent. Theoretically Lawler (1982) also identified QWL in terms of job characteristics and work conditions. He highlighted that the core dimension of the entire QWL in the organization is to improve employees well-being, satisfaction and productivity. An employee with high job satisfaction enjoys a qualitative work life in comparison of employees who are dissatisfied with job. Thus job satisfaction to a large extent is a strong predictor of quality of work life. Pelsma et al(1989).and Hart(1989) in their study on impact of selected QWL attributes found that psychological distress and morale contributed equally to teachers QWL. A balanced workload level, regular feedback, opportunities for training and improvement along with provision of suitable financial and non financial motivators largely enhanced employees satisfaction towards their job as well as improved employees quality of work life. These factors largely improved functional outcomes like improved productivity, better retention and initiative taking ability of employees. This also helped in improving occupational role and performance of employees. Winter et al(2000) in their study on impact of job satisfaction on quality of work life with reference to academicians studied the role of selected variables like role stress, job characteristics, and role of supervision job characteristics, feedback, compensation structure, participation of employees and work environment as factors affecting job satisfaction and affecting quality of work life as well. They viewed QWL for academicians as an attitudinal response to the prevailing work environment and posited five factors that affected job satisfaction including role stress, job characteristics, type of supervision, structural characteristics that directly and indirectly shaped academicians experiences, attitudes and behaviour and resulting positive feeling of quality of work life. Rice (1985) tried to focus on relationship between work satisfaction and Quality of peoples lives. His study also focused and found a strong relationship between certain job related factors like work experience and work outcomes that affect persons general Quality of life. He also found that certain factors like family interactions, leisure activities and levels of health and energy also to a large extent affect employees satisfaction towards job and quality of work life that employees view and perceive and feel towards their job Thus this study emphasized the role of work related characteristic and employees experience as major determinant of job satisfaction and resulting quality of work life. Bhatia and Valecha (1981) studied the absenteeism rates of textile factory and recommended that closer attention should be paid to improve the Quality of Work Life since due to low feeling of work quality due to high stress, unclarity in direction, low participation workers derived low satisfaction from job and that affected efficiency. It is thus clear from this study that work related factors like high stress, unclarity in direction, low participation of workers caused low feeling of satisfaction towards their job and they perceived low quality of work life towards their core task..Thus studies like these focus on role of emphasizing job satisfying factors on quality of work life to make employees more productive, involved and committed towards work at large. In a study, Sirota (1973) in their study on impact of job satisfaction on quality of work life found that underutilization of workers skill and abilities either due to lack of interaction or lack of instruction in performing job causes perception of low Quality of Work Life and suggested job enrichment program to correct the problems of workers skill and abilities to make them feel highly satisfied towards job. This study also emphasizes the role job satisfaction plays significantly in improving quality of work life. Thus studies like these focus on role of job satisfaction and feeling towards work life quality on employees satisfaction at large. Smith and Bourke (1992), also in their study on factors causing stress in teachers in academic institutes found that there were four major sources of stress and these work related factors created feeling of low work quality namely unclear instructions and work environment , time pressures and low opportunities for rewards and recognitions. These factors not only reduced satisfaction towards job but also caused dissatisfying feeling towards quality of work life. In a similar study determining impact of work related factors causing job satisfaction and its impact on quality of work life Kenneth, R. (1977),reported that unclarity of roles creates difficulty and was negatively associated with job satisfaction which makes satisfaction generated from qualitative work life quite low , especially among women. Thus impact of unclear directions, feedback, blocked communication channels and job misfit affected satisfaction towards job and quality of work life also. In another study conducted by Fraser, Draper and Taylor (1998) on factors affecting job satisfaction and its resulting impact on quality of work life among school teachers it was found that female teachers felt less satisfied with their influences over school policies which they considered as a major factor affecting quality of work life compared to male teachers. They also reported significant differences in work satisfaction based on work experience it was found that teachers who stayed longer at the job consistently had greater ratings of dissatisfaction. Thus this study gives a clear indication that work related and demographic factors like work experience and employees involvement to a larger extent affects employees satisfaction towards their job and resulting feeling towards work life quality. In a similar study conducted in Malaysia by Che Rose et al (2006) further concluded that the most important predictor of QWL is organizational climate, followed by career achievement, career satisfaction and career balance which all lead to job satisfaction. This study also focused on role of job satisfying factors on employees feeling towards his work life quality. Thus, management of organization should focus on identifying important job satisfaction causing variables and design policies, procedures and management style in such a way so that employees feel high and positive about quality of wok life. OUTCOMES OF LITERATURE REVIEW- The above selected studies focus on role of job satisfaction on quality of work life. Most of the studies irrespective of different work related variables helped in determining impact of job satisfaction on quality of work life. It can be concluded from these studies that when employees feel highly satisfied from their jobs their feeling towards quality of work life also becomes high which results into better productivity, performance , commitment , involvement and initiative taking ability of employees. It was found in most of the studies that when employees feel less or dissatisfied with their jobs either due to organization related, work related or individual factors the quality of work life also gets negatively affected. Thus irrespective of the sector management should strive harder to make jobs more enriching thus employees getting higher satisfaction and resulting into highly satisfying feeling towards quality of work life as well. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY To assess the level of quality of work life among men and women To determine the association between job satisfying factors and attributes of quality of work life(Nature of work, level of participation, working condition, work schedule, Grievance procedure. To identify the impact of different demographic factors on quality of work life and job satisfaction. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY For the present study 15 different management colleges were selected in and around Faridabad region. Employees including lecturer, Assistant Professor and Professor between age group 25-55 were selected for the study. The data was collected through structured questionnaire which was personally administered by researcher. The reliability of the questionnaire was found to be 0.76 which is good enough for study. The questionnaire consisted of close ended question (Likert scale) to gauge the reaction of employees. A pilot study was conducted with 25 respondents (faculty members) to check the reliability of questionnaire. Total 250 questionnaire were distributed out of which 238 were returned and usable questionnaire were 220 in total .So sample of 220 is considered for present study. Details about Questionnaire The scale used for measuring attitude of employees for present study is LEA (Long employee attitude scale) developed by Dr.H.C Ganguli which is a 26 item job satisfaction scale. The items of LEA were earlier standardized on Indian employees on Nepalese female subject working as Bank officers, college teachers and Nepal government officers. The areas covered are Nature of work 2 items Income 5 items Security 1 item Organization aspect 5 items Personal aspect 1 items Colleagues /co-workers 2 items Promotion and training opportunities 3 items Welfare facilities, health and canteen facilities 2 items Union management relation 1 item Company policy and practices 4 items Scoring of responses The present scale is scored according to Likert scale of summated rating .The total score of a subject is an addition of score value of respondent from the alternative choosen.25 items of LEA scale has 5 response alternative( 1,2,3,4,5) and 1 item has 3 alternatives (2,3,4) higher is the score greater is the satisfaction. The subject has to answer all the 26 items and no omission is allowed. If there is any omission then a score of 3 has to be provided as the middle value Validity Reliability of scale used About the scale Dr. H.C Gangulis job attitude scale which helps in assessing job satisfaction of employees at different level has test retest reliability of r = 0.90 and odd even reliability after Spearman -Brown correction was r = 0.81 and has proved validity. The validity of this scale was checked through internal consistency method, by way of item analysis which requires low correlation between items and high correlation between item scores and total scale scores TOOLS USED In order to analyze the collected data SPSS 16.0 was used. In order to determine significant relation between satisfaction with QWL attributes) between male and female t-test was used. .Further, Chi-square test was used to determine the association between level of job satisfactions (job characteristic factors) and quality of work life dimensions. Also regression analysis was used to determine impact of different variables like overall job satisfaction, unclarity in direction and job stress on quality of work life. Further, to determine significant difference between demographic factor and job satisfaction (job characteristic) t-test ANOVA and Levens test for equality of variance was used. Hypothesis formulated Null hypothesis 1 -There is no significant difference between male and female with respect to feeling towards quality of work life in academic industry Null hypothesis 2 There is no association between job characteristic /satisfying factors and QWL Null Hypothesis -3 There is significant impact of demographic variables like age and nature of work on feeling towards quality of work life Null hypothesis 3.1 Employees of higher age groups expect more qualitative work life Null Hypothesis 3.2 Employees with stressful nature of work require high quality of work life Null hypothesis 3.3 Employees with long tenure needs more quality of work life ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Null hypothesis 1 -There is no significant difference between male and female with respect to feeling towards quality of work life in academic industry. As clear in Table -1 t-test was used to determine the significant difference between genders with regard to feeling towards dimension of QWL feeling. Table-1 t-test showing significant difference between gender with regard to feeling towards dimension of QWL feeling QWL dimension Male Female t- value P value Mean S.D Mean S.D Satisfaction from job 31.25 3.65 29.34 4.23 2.04 0.035* Unclarity in direction 44.65 5.84 42.45 5.35 2.76 0.002** Job Stress 20.45 2.98 18.67 2.65 2.68 0.004** Overall QWL feeling 96.53 10.87 91.46 11.12 3.24 0.001** ** denotes significance at 1% level * denotes significance at 5% level It is clear from the table-1 that since the value of P is less than 0.01 with respect to unclarity in direction, level of stress in job and overall feeling of QWl thus null hypothesis is rejected and it can be inferred that there is a significant difference between feeling towards QWL dimensions between male and female workers. Also since the value of P is less than 0.05 with respect to feeling of job satisfaction it is clear that null hypothesis is rejected. Female workers are more affected by feeling of lack of satisfaction, unclarity in direction and job stress than male workers. It is due to the fact that female workers need to create a balance between a good professional as well as a good homemaker so the burden is more on them to manage. This is the reason they expect and require more quality in work life that will result into effective performance. Thus, if organization provides them with certain provisions like flexi timing, suitable arrangement of crà ¨ches and safe work environment with less stress the feeling of qualitative work life will definitely enhance. Null hypothesis 2 There is no association between job characteristic /satisfying factors and QWL From Table -2 it is clear that value of P is less than 0.01 thus rejecting the null hypothesis at 1% level, thus there is a significant association between job satisfying dimension and quality of work life. Table-2 Chi-square showing association between job characteristic and quality of work life Level of job characteristics Level of QWL Row total Chi-square value P value Low Average High 91.503 0.000** Low 39 12 6 57 Average 10 74 40 104 High 13 17 29 59 Column Total 62 103 55 220 It is clear from the table that as the level of quality of work life increases job satisfaction among employees also gets increased .Thus it becomes imperative that if the organization works for introducing innovative ways to make work life more qualitative then job satisfaction will also increase which will result into improvement in performance and in development of a desired behaviour in individuals. Further to confirm the relation between job characteristic and quality of work life multiple regression model was applied. From Table -3 it is clear that in this model quality of work life is taken as dependent variable and job satisfaction(X1), unclarity in direction(X2), job stress(X3) are taken as independent variable and predictor variables .The calculated value of multiple R was found to be -0.342 ,R squared value was -0.124.The calculated F -value was -10.120 and P value was -0.000**.. The estimate of model coefficient is 109.136 for ao, for a1 is 0.821, a2 is -0.182 and for a3 is -0.258.So the estimated model becomes 109.136 = 0.821 (X1) 0.182 (X2) 0.258 (X3) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (I Table-3 Multiple regression table Variable Unstandardized coefficient Standardized coefficient t-value P-value B Std. error of B Beta X1 0.821 0.165 0.311 3.284 0.000** X2 -0.182 -0.132 0.102 1.213 0.161 X3 -0.258 0.281 -0.062 -0.812 0.342 Constant 109.136 5.525 14.304 0.000 The R squared value of 12.4% indicates that predictor variable explains 12.4 % variance in QWL. From the ANOVA table (Table -4) it is quite clear that F-value 10.120 and P value 0.000 is highly significant less than 0.01. Table-4 ANOVA Table Sum of Squares d.f Mean square F Sig. Regression 4163.414 3 1326.162 10.120 .000** Residual 31257.612 216 138.420 Total 35421.026 219 It can be interpreted from this that the estimated model line is not equal to zero indicating linear relationship between the predictor variable and QWL. It is also clear that Beta value for job satisfaction is highest (0.311) followed by unclarity in direction (0.102).The Beta value of job stress has made least contribution in this (-0.062). The value of p is less than 0.01, so the independent variable job satisfaction is highly significant for the stated model. The rest of independent variables are not significant at 95% confidence level. Thus it can be concluded that as quality of work life will increases job satisfaction will also increase whereas with unclarity in direction and job stress it will reduce. Null Hypothesis -3 There is significant impact of demographic variables like age and nature of work and tenure on feeling towards quality of work life Null hypothesis 3.1 Employees of higher age groups require more quality in work life Null Hypothesis 3.2 Employees with stressful nature of work require high quality of work life Null hypothesis 3.3 Employees with long tenure needs more quality in work life In order to determine impact of demographic variables on quality of work life t-test ANOVA and Levens test for equality of variance was applied .This was applied to see whether there is any impact of demographic variable on response of employees towards quality of work life . From table 5, 6 and 7 it is quite clear that demographic variable except gender did not have a significant influence on quality of work life. The significant value for age which is 0.854 reveals that all age groups exhibited similar kind of behaviour with respect to quality of work life. This clears that irrespective of age each employees looks for better quality of work life which definitely increases job satisfaction. Table-5 Independent sample test for determination influence of age on quality of work life Levens test for equality of variance t- value Sig(2-tailed) Mean difference Standard error of difference F Sig. -.180 .854 -..0302 .15076 QWL Equal variance not assumed .002 .956 Equal variance not assumed -.180 .854 -.0302 .15071 The significant value of nature of work which is 0.972 and its influence on quality of work life indicates that nature of duty and work do not influence quality of work, this further indicates that whatever may be the nature of work in academic industry with respect to different position, qualitative work life is most required. Table -6 Independent sample test for determination influence of nature of work on quality of work life Levens test for equality of variance t- value Sig. (2-tailed) Mean difference Standard error of difference F Sig. .032 .972 .0047 .15792 QWL Equal variance not assumed .113 .735 Equal variance not assumed .032 .972 .0047 .15765 With regard to tenure of employees it is again seen that the significant value is 0.842 whether the tenure is long or whether the employee is a newcomer. Thus demographic factors (age, tenure, nature of work) do not influence quality of work life particularly with any higher age, long tenure or with stressful work. Table-7 Independent Sample test for determining influence of tenure on quality of work life Levens test for equality of variance t- value Sig.(2-tailed) Mean difference Standard error of difference F Sig. .178 .842 .0220 .11701 QWL Equal variance not assumed .206 .638 Equal variance not assumed .175 .844 .0220 .11746 FINDINGS OF STUDY Based on the objectives and hypothesis formulated for the study the following findings were observed With respect to gender male and female differed significantly towards feeling of quality of work life and job satisfaction. Male employees were found to be more satisfied and feeling towards quality of work life was higher in comparison to female counterparts ,it may due to the fact that women folk has to perform dual responsibilities and with increase in work pressures and expectations from organization it is quite obvious that they feel less satisfied in terms of unclarity in direction, communication gap, flexibility, timings and different facilities provided by the organization which is not too satisfactory and leads to comparably low feeling of quality of work life. On the basis of regression analysis and Chi-square which was used to assess association between job satisfying factors and quality of work life, it was found that among different selected factors of job related aspects level of job satisfaction consisting of different attributes like compensation structure, reward structure, a administrative policies, flexibility, participation of employees, challenging work assignment were considered to be affecting job satisfaction and resulting quality of work life much more than factors like unclarity in direction, job stress etc. Maximum variance was explained by job satisfying factors towards quality of work life, establishing that job satisfaction contributes utmost towards making work life more qualitative. Further the impact of different demographic factors like age, tenure, and nature of work on quality of work life was also studied. After analysis it was found that except gender there was no significant difference between feeling and significance of quality of work life among employees. Thus, irrespective of the age group, nature of work and tenure each empl

How to do qualitative research Essay

Introduction: Qualitative research is about asking questions and gathering information through words, to then later analyze. One way of doing this is through ethnography. But before any research can be done, there must be a research question. In this case, â€Å"Do the Olympics cause their audience to act differently than when they are watching any other popular TV show? † This question was chosen to clearly outline the process of ethnography, and how it is useful in finding out the information needed to answer this research question. Methodology: An ethnography is â€Å"A Research approach to understanding the culture of a group (patterns of behaviour/attitudes, how they create meaning), by immersing oneself in the activities of the specific group over a period of time and then writing up a descriptive summary. † (Savage 3). An ethnographic approach includes being engaged in and listening to conversations, taking regular notes and collecting â€Å"artifacts† of the group being studied (Savage 7). All of these things later help in writing up a summary of findings that where gathered from the ethnography. There are two main types of ethnography, first there is an overt ethnography where the participants are told they are being observed. This type of ethnography is most commonly used and is less risky because the participants are aware of the study that is taking place. The other type is covert. This is where the researcher is unknown by the participants (Savage 10). The ethnography done about whether the Olympics change the way an audience acts is a covert ethnography. The subjects were unaware of the researcher and the fact that they were being studied and just watched TV as they normally would. Although this study was in a closed setting, there is always a chance of a risk when doing a covert study, because one of the participants may not want to be studied (Savage 9-10). Another important aspect of doing an ethnography is gaining access. Gaining access all depends on whether it is a closed setting or an open setting. Open settings are public settings are are fairly easy to gain access to. They include places like a street corner, or a movie theatre lobby, or city council meetings (Savage 9). Closed settings are non-public settings that are harder to gain access to because they usually require a contact, or permission to get into. Closed settings include families, firms, doctors offices and political parties (Savage 9). These are places that access is only granted to people who have permission. Although, in most cases, a lot of groups that are in a closed setting, have both open and closed settings, so if permission was not granted, then there would still be an opportunity for an ethnography when the group is in an open setting. The ethnography that was done took place in a closed setting and access was granted due to it being at the researchers house. This made it easy to gain access without having to worry about any limits that can sometimes come with closed settings. Summary of Findings For this topic, one would find that using ethnography would be the best way to go about making a research project about the Olympics causing an audience to act differently then when they watch other popular TV shows. This is because the study was about to view two different settings, one of subjects watching a popular TV show (American Idol), and one of subjects watching the Olympic Games. This allowed for a very good comparison between the two, and made answering the research question fairly easy. While doing the ethnography in both settings, being a â€Å"fly on the wall† allowed the researcher to observe how the subjects acted in both situations without being noticed. The setting also helped in disguising the researcher, because the subjects were just told it was homework, or they were used to the researcher being on the computer anyways. If this study were to be conducted as an in-depth interview, the results would be quite different. The interviewee may not know how they react when they’re watching television, or may not notice that they act differently and vise versa, which would then make it difficult to get the desired information. This would put the study at a halt because no relevant information would have been gathered. Conducting an ethnography is the only real way to go about answering this research question. There is a certain level of control that comes with doing an ethnography for this question because the researcher is unknown, this also ensures that the subjects are acting the way the normally would and not acting the way the think they should act. Which is sometimes the case when people are told they are being studied. Also, (in this case) the subjects are somewhat being forced to watch the desired television show. This ensures that the subjects are being exposed to the same show and can allow for more specific research. Ethnography is also useful because it allows for change. If the ethnography were to go on, there would most likely be more television shows to compare the Olympics to, but in this case, the research question could be narrowed down to â€Å"Do the Olympics cause their audience to act differently than when they are watching American Idol? â€Å". If the study were to continue, because it is an ethnography with multiple subjects for each show, there is room for change, and the data that was already collected would still be useful. Whereas if an in-depth interview was to done, and data was collected there is no guarantee that each subject watches the same television shows to be able to compare among the different subject that were interviewed. Key Learnings After choosing to use an ethnography to answer this research question, some things became quite clear. First, when conducting a covert ethnography, sometimes it is not so easy to remain unknown to every subject, and it is difficult to judge what they are thinking or what they will do if they were to find out. This raised the question of what should the researcher do if they are in a closed setting that they cannot leave and a subject did not want to be studied and was very angry? In most closed setting situations, the chances are that it will not be a covert ethnography, but after this covert closed setting ethnography, it was made clear that the position of research should not be made known for the safety of the researcher. This leads to another question about ethics and who should be harmed in that case. If the researcher is in danger of being harmed if they were to tell the subject that they were being studied, and if the researcher did not tell the subject, then it is considered unethical because the subject is being lied to. Does this issue then become an issue of choosing the greater good? In which case, who decides what the greater good is? Second, when doing an ethnography there is not always something useful to take note of. This causes ethnography to be very time consuming because the research must wait until they have all the information needed which may take a very long time if nothing is happening. This causes a problem because there is no guarantee that anything will happen at all that would help the researcher answer their research question. Conclusion: In discussing using ethnography to answer the question of â€Å"Do the Olympics cause their audience to act differently than when they are watching any other popular TV show? † and what was learned, it is safe to conclude that ethnography is the best way to approach a question like this. This is largely due to the method being more successful at gathering information than it’s alternative, and because there are a number of way that is can be performed to ensure that the researcher is able to get the information needed.